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The lean approach towards construction adopts both physical and non-physical waste production. On the basis of the existing literature, waste in the context of construction can be classified into eight types, namely defects, overproduction, waiting, not-utilizing talent, transportation, inventory excess, motion waste, and excess processing. Author: Henri Suissa

The lean approach for the elimination of waste, as described by Ohno (1988), is as follows: “All we are doing is looking at the time line, from the moment the customer gives us an order to the point when we collect cash. Author: Henri Suissa

January is almost upon us and with it comes the time, when we set goals that we would like to achieve in the new year. However, setting goals is one thing, but achieving them is a bit more difficult than that. One must be willing to work over a long period of time and dedicate energy towards something abstract in the future. Even so, there is no goal that we could not accomplish with careful planning. Why don’t you just keep reading and we will tell you how to do it.

Additionally, an MNE also suffers from operating risk which results from changes in the company’s future operating cash flows due to unexpected changes in the foreign currency exchange rates.